Comment:

• Raised ALT and AST indicate hepatocellular damage (e.g. viral or drugs etc). ALT is more liver-specific while AST is also found in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. Mild elevation (less than twice normal) often resolves on its own. Fatty liver disease (especially with metabolic syndrome) is a common cause in asymptomatic cases. Certain drugs (paracetamol, statins), herbal supplements, energy drinks, and antibiotics may also affect liver function.
• SGOT/SGPT Ratio: Typically <1 in healthy individuals (vary between 0.7-1.4; higher in women than men). High SGPT (ratio <1) seen in acute or chronic hepatitis, autoimmune disorders, medications, toxins while ratio >1 indicates alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, metastasis or non-hepatic issues (hemolytic diseases, CVS disorders).
• Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase and GGT: Suggest cholestatic diseases (e.g. bile duct obstruction, primary biliary cirrhosis etc.) and can also be due to bone disease, pregnancy, chronic renal failure, malignancy, and congestive heart failure.
• High Bilirubin: Indicates jaundice due to increased RBC breakdown, liver damage (e.g., infections, toxins), or cholestasis (e.g., gallstones, tumors).
• High Protein Levels: Seen in dehydration (e.g., severe vomiting, diarrhea) or increased production (e.g., inflammation, hematopoietic neoplasms). Low protein and albumin: Result from impaired synthesis (liver disease), decreased intake,